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REGIONAL GROUPINGS USED IN THE REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD FOR 1996 The regional groupings used in the report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1996, together with the States in each of those groupings, are listed below.(1) Africa Central America and the Caribbean North America South America East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Afghanistan Europe Albania Oceania Australia Fiji 1. *The States that had previously comprised the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are listed under the regional grouping Europe or under an Asian regional grouping, following the practice of the Statistics Division of the Secretariat. Annex II CURRENT MEMBERSHIP OF THE INTERNATIONAL CURRENT MEMBERSHIP OF THE INTERNATIONAL Sirad ATMODJO Pharmacist. Assistant Instructor, Drug Dispensing Laboratory, Gajah Mada University (1955-1959). High-school teacher of Chemistry (1957-1959). Staff member, Directorate of Pharmaceutical Affairs, Ministry of Health of Indonesia (1959-1965). Director of Pharmaceutical Affairs, Ministry of Health (1965-1967). Director of Distribution, Directorate General of Pharmacy, Ministry of Health (1967-1975). Director of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (1975-1991), Secretary of the Directorate General of Food and Drug Control, Ministry of Health (1981-1987). Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy (1987-1991), Second Vice-Rector (1991-1993) and First Vice-Rector (1994) of "17 Agustus 1945" University. Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1987). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (since 1994) and Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1994 and 1996). Edouard Armenakovich BABAYAN Graduate of the Second Moscow Medical Institute (1941). Professor, Doctor of Medical Science, Academician. Chairman of the Standing Committee on Narcotic Drugs Control of the Russian Federation (non-governmental). Expert of the World Health Organization (WHO). Honoured Vice-President of the International Council on Alcohol and Addictions. Author of over 200 scientific papers, inter alia, monographs and courses on drug control, published in many countries throughout the world. Winner of the E. Brauning international prize for valuable contribution to narcotic drug control; honorary member of the Purkine Society; and Honoured Physician of the Russian Federation. Head of the Russian delegation to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Chairman of the Commission (1977 and 1990). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1995). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (since 1995). Hamid GHODSE Professor of Psychiatry, University of London. Director, Regional Drug Dependence Treatment, Training and Research Unit, and Director, Addiction Resource Agency for Commissionaries, South Thames Region, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. President, European Collaborating Centres for Addiction Studies. Chairman of Departments of Addictive Behaviour and of Psychological Medicine. Member of the Academic Board, the Council and the Joint Advisory Management Committee, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London. Chairman, Association of Professors of Psychiatry in the British Isles. Adviser, Joint Formulary Committee, British National Formulary. Member of the WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Drug Dependence and Alcohol. Member of the Executive Committee. Chairman of the Substance Misuse Section and of the Court of Electors, Royal College of Psychiatrists. Member of the Executive Board, Medical Council of Alcoholism, United Kingdom. Adviser, Health Advisory Service, National Health Service, United Kingdom. Editor of the International Journal of Social Psychiatry and of the Substance Misuse Bulletin. Member of the Editorial Advisory Board of Addiction. Author of books and over 200 scientific papers on drug-related issues and addictions. Fellow (since 1985) of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, United Kingdom. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and member of the Faculty of Public Health Medicine, United Kingdom. Member, rapporteur and chairman of various WHO and European Community expert committees, review groups and other working groups on drug and alcohol dependence, in particular, convener of WHO expert groups on medical education (1986), pharmacy education (1987), nurse education (1989) and rational prescribing of psychoactive drugs. M. S. McLeod Visiting Professor, Southern Australia Postgraduate Medical Education Association (1990). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1992) and member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1992). President of the Board (1993 and 1994). Dil Jan KHAN Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Laws and Master of Arts in Political Science. Secretary of the States and Frontier Regions Division of the Government of Pakistan (1990-1993), Secretary of the Interior Division of the Government of Pakistan (1990) and Secretary of the Narcotics Control Division (1990 and 1993-1994) of the Government of Pakistan. Commandant, Frontier Constabulary, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (1978-1980 and 1982-1983). Inspector General of Police, North-West Frontier Province (1980-1982 and 1983-1986). Additional Secretary, Ministry of Interior of Pakistan (1986-1990). Counsellor (1973-1978) and First Secretary (1972), Embassy of Pakistan, Kabul. Recipient of Sitara-i-Basalat, one of the highest awards for galantry, awarded by the President of Pakistan (1990). President of the International Club, Kabul. Dean of the Counsellor/Administration Corps, Afghanistan. Member of the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee. President of the Police Service of Pakistan Association (1993-1994). Patron of the non-governmental organization anti-narcotics society (1982-1983). Participant in the seminar on replacement of opium poppy cultivation, held at Bangkok (1978). Head of the delegation of Pakistan to the Executive Committee of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (1990-1993); the workshop of the UNHCR Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee (1991); the UNHCR meeting (1991); the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee, New Delhi (1991); the World Food Programme Authority (1992); and the talks on relief assistance for Afghan refugees, Geneva and Washington, D.C. (1993). Head of the delegation of Pakistan to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (1993 and 1994); the technical consultation between India and Pakistan, held at Vienna under the auspices of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme, on cooperation in drug control activities (1994); and the First Policy-Level Meeting on Technical Cooperation between Pakistan and India (1994). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1995). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (since 1995). Gottfried MACHATA Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Chemistry (1951) and Professor (1968). Pharmaceutical and chemical industry scientist (1951-1954). Head of the Department of Chemistry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Vienna (1955-1990). Court Expert in Forensic Sciences and General Chemistry (since 1955). Expert of the Disarmament Commission (1983-1985). Member of the Senate Commission of the German Research Organization. Author of more than 145 published works in the field of toxicology. Recipient of the International Widmark Award and the Jean Servais Stas Médaille. Recipient of the gold medal of honour for scientific research of the Republic of Austria. Member of the International Narcotics Control Board and member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (since 1992). Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1995). Second Vice-President and Chairman of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1996). Mohamed MANSOUR Director of Training Institute Affairs Administration, former Director of Operation Administration, Drug Enforcement Administration, Ministry of Interior of Egypt. Teacher of trainees and officers in drug enforcement and criminal investigations, Police Academy, Cairo, and Arab Institute for Police Studies, Saudi Arabia. Recipient of Bachelor's degree in law and police science, training at the Drug Enforcement Administration, Washington, D.C. (1974 and 1978). Recipient of the Honour of El-Gomhoria (1977) and the Honour of El-Estehkak (1984). Participant in various conferences and meetings in the field of drug law enforcement. Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1990) and Rapporteur (1992). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1992 and 1993). First Vice-President of the Board (1995). Bunsom MARTIN Doctor of Medicine with postgraduate advanced training in Tropical Medicine. Long-time service as hospital, medical school and university official, in particular as Head of Department, President and Chairman of the University Board. Director-General of the Department of Physical Education. Active participant in a variety of organizations, such as the Red Cross and the Scout Association. Chairman of the Committee for Prevention and Publicity of Drug Abuse for 22 years. Minister of Education (1982) and Minister of Health (1984) of Thailand. Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (since 1993). Second Vice-President of the International Narcotics Control Board and Chairman of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1995). António Lourenço MARTINS Graduate in Law, University of Coimbra. Prosecutor (1965-1972); Judge (1972-1976); General Director of Judicial Police (1977-1983); Deputy Attorney-General and member of the Consultative Committee of the Attorney-General's Office (since 1983). Government-appointed head of the working groups that drew up Portuguese anti-drug legislation (1983 and 1993); and coordinator of the computerization of the courts, as designated by the Minister of Justice of Portugal (since 1988). Lecturer on law computer at the Law Institute for Communications, Faculty of Law, University of Coimbra. Author of various articles on questions concerning drugs and electronic information, a collection of the main international and national contributions to the fight against drugs, with commentary. Participant in various meetings of the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO/Interpol) General Assembly (1977-1982) and in various sessions of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Participant in working groups of the Pompidou Group of the Council of Europe and in various meetings of the European Anti-Drug Committee (CELAD). Head of the ad hoc group that established a framework for the creation of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (1992). Head of one of the groups in the seminar on policy strategies against drugs in Europe (1993). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1995). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1995). Rapporteur (1996). Herbert S. OKUN Executive Director, Financial Services Volunteer Corps, New York. Visiting Lecturer on International Law, Yale University Law School. United States Foreign Service (1955-1991). Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, Washington, D.C. (1969-1971). Vice-Chairman of the United States delegation to the SALT II negotiations and to the Trilateral Talks between the United States, the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (1978-1980). Ambassador to the German Democratic Republic (1980-1983). Deputy Permanent Representative and Ambassador of the United States to the United Nations (1985-1989). Special Advisor and Deputy Co-Chairman of the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia (1991-1993). Member of the Secretary-General's Group of Experts on the United Nations structure for drug abuse control (1990). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1992). First Vice-President of the Board (1996). Alfredo PEMJEAN Medical Doctor (1968). Psychiatrist (1972). Clinical practice in psychiatry units of general hospitals (1972-1989). Head of Service of Clinical Psychiatry, Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau of Santiago de Chile (1975-1981). Instructor in undergraduate and postgraduate programmes, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile (since 1975). Head of the Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Campus South, University of Chile (1976-1979 and 1985-1988). Professor of Psychiatry, University of Chile (since 1979). Professor of Psychiatry, School of Psychology, Universidad Católico de Chile (since 1983). Head of the Mental Health Unit, Ministry of Health of Chile (1990-1996). President of Sociedad Iberoamericana para el Estudio del Alcohol y las Drogas (1986-1990). Professor in the Magister Program entitled "Public Health, Mention in Mental Health", School of Public Health, University of Chile (since 1993). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1995). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1996). Manuel QUIJANO Doctor of Medicine. Practising surgeon for 35 years at a teaching hospital. Professor of a three-year postgraduate course in general surgery. Scientific counsellor to the Mexican delegation to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (1980-1983). Director of International Affairs, Ministry of Health of Mexico. Member of the Executive Board of the World Health Organization and Chairman (1988-1989). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board and member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (since 1992). First Vice-President (1993) and Rapporteur (1995) of the Board. Oskar SCHROEDER Lawyer and administrator. Doctor of law. Public Prosecutor (1957). Director-General, Inland Revenue and Tax Auditing Unit in the Financial Administration of North Rhine-Westphalia (1957-1964). Ministry for Youth, Family Affairs, Women and Health of the Federal Republic of Germany (1965-1989): Personal Secretary to the State Secretary and Head, Budget Division and several Divisions of Health Legislation (1965-1973); Head, Division for Legislation on Narcotic Drugs (1973-1982); and Director-General for Family Affairs and Social Welfare (1982-1989). Head of the delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (1973-1982) and Chairman of the Commission (1980). Chairman of the Commission for Social Development (1989). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1990). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates and Chairman of the Budget Committee (1990). President of the Board (1991, 1992, 1995 and 1996). Elba TORRES GRATEROL Lawyer. Central University of Venezuela (1959). Adviser on drug-related matters, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela (1985-1994). Director for Social Protection, Office of the Attorney-General of the Republic (1971-1981); representative of the Department of Public Prosecution to the Drug Abuse Control Commission (1971-1981); member of the commission to prepare a preliminary draft law on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (1974-1984); and Adviser, Department of Crime Prevention, Ministry of Justice (1982-1983). Member of the Venezuelan delegation to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (1985-1993). Participation in the intergovernmental expert group meetings to consider the draft convention against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (1986-1988); the United Nations Conference for the Adoption of a Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988); meetings of the group of experts designated by the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (of the Organization of American States) to draft model regulations on the laundering of assets derived from illicit drug trafficking (1990-1992); and the first meeting on the implementation of articles 5 and 7 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 (1993). Head of the Venezuelan delegation at the meeting convened at Panama City by the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission to analyse the problem of money-laundering regulations (1993). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1995). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (since 1995). THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD The responsibilities of the International Narcotics Control Board under the international drug control treaties are to endeavour, in cooperation with Governments, to limit the cultivation, production, manufacture and use of narcotic drugs to the amounts required for medical and scientific purposes, to ensure that the quantities of those substances required for legitimate purposes are available and to prevent illicit drug cultivation, production, manufacture, trafficking and use. Since the entry into force of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971, the functions of the Board also include the international control of such drugs. Moreover, with the entry into force of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988, the Board has specific responsibilities related to the control of substances frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as the assessment of such substances for possible inclusion in Table I and Table II of that Convention. Under the provisions of the 1988 Convention, the Board also reports annually to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on the implementation of article 12 of that Convention. The Board is required, in carrying out these responsibilities, to investigate all stages of the licit trade in narcotic drugs; to ensure that Governments take all the requisite measures to limit the manufacture and import of drugs to the quantities required for medical and scientific purposes; to see that precautions are taken to prevent the diversion of those substances into the illicit traffic; to determine whether there is a risk that a country may become a major centre of the illicit traffic; to ask for explanations in the event of apparent violations of the treaties; to propose appropriate remedial measures to Governments that are not fully applying the provisions of the treaties or are encountering difficulties in applying them and, where necessary, to assist Governments in overcoming such difficulties. The Board has therefore frequently recommended, especially since the adoption of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as amended by the 1972 Protocol, that multilateral or bilateral assistance, either technical or financial or both, should be accorded to a country experiencing such difficulties. If, however, the Board notes that the measures necessary to remedy a serious situation have not been taken, it may call the matter to the attention of the parties, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Economic and Social Council in cases where it believes that that would be the most effective way to facilitate cooperation and to improve the situation. As a last resort, the treaties empower the Board to recommend to parties that they stop importing drugs from the defaulting country, exporting drugs to it or both. Naturally, the Board does not confine itself to taking action only when serious problems have been discovered; on the contrary, it seeks to prevent major difficulties before they arise. In all cases the Board acts in close cooperation with Governments. If the Board is to be able to perform its task, it must have the relevant information on the world drug situation as regards both licit trade and illicit traffic. Consequently, the treaties stipulate that Governments shall regularly provide the Board with such information; almost all Governments, parties and non-parties alike, are conforming to this practice. Accordingly, in cooperation with Governments, the Board administers the system of estimated world requirements of narcotic drugs and the system of statistics on narcotic drugs. The first of these systems enables the Board, in analysing future licit requirements, to verify in advance whether these requirements are reasonable; and the second enables it to exercise ex post facto control. Finally, the information on illicit traffic that is communicated to the Board either directly by Governments or through the competent organs of the United Nations system enables the Board to determine whether the aims of the 1961 Convention are being seriously endangered by any country and, if necessary, to take the measures described in the preceding paragraph.
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