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Regional groupings used in the report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1998 The regional groupings used in the report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1998, together with the States in each of those groupings, are listed below.a Africa Algeria Central America and the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda North America Canada South America Argentina East and South-East Asia Brunei Darussalam South Asia Bangladesh West Asia Afghanistan Europe Albania Oceania Australia Notes aThe States that had previously comprised the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are listed under the regional grouping Europe or under an Asian regional grouping, following the practice of the Statistics Division of the Secretariat.
Current membership of the International Narcotics Control Board Edouard Armenakovich Babayan Graduate of the Second Moscow Medical Institute (1941). Professor, Doctor of Medical Science, Academician. Senior Scientific Researcher at the Scientific Research Institute of Social and Forensic Psychiatry. Honorary Vice-President of the International Council on Alcohol and Addictions. Author of over 200 scientific papers, inter alia, monographs and courses on drug control, published in many countries throughout the world. Winner of the E. Brauning International Award for valuable contribution to narcotic drug control; winner of the Skryabin Award for the contribution to the development of biology and medical science; and winner of the Semashko Award for the best publication on public health management. Honorary member of the Purkine Society; and Honoured Physician of the Russian Federation. Head of the Russian delegation to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (1964-1993). Chairman of the Commission (1977 and 1990). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1995). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (since 1995). Second Vice-President of the Board and Chairman of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1997). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1998). Chinmay Chakrabarty Graduate of Calcutta University with honours in History. Participant in various courses on Criminal Law, Public Administration, Personnel Management, Information Systems and in National Security and International Relations. Various positions in criminal law enforcement and in narcotics administration, starting from West Bengal State Excise (1956-1959) and ranging from Assistant Superintendent of Police to Deputy Inspector General in Orissa State Police Force and subsequently Director-General, Narcotics Control Bureau, Government of India (1990-1993), including 22 years in executive field positions in two states and 15 years in the highest echelons of national police administration and at directional level in the Government of India. Head of the interministerial committees for the preparation of the national master plan for drug abuse control (1993-1994) and for the preparation of terminal reports on projects in India funded by the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) (1996). Member of the delegations of India to the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) General Assembly (1990, 1991, 1992), to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (1992) and to numerous regional and bilateral meetings. Participant in fellowship study tours of UNDCP and the Drug Enforcement Administration of the United States of America. Author of numerous papers published in professional journals. Recipient of the President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service (1990). Recipient of the Indian Police Medal for Meritorious Service (1977). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (1997). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1997 and 1998). Nelia Cortes-Maramba Doctor of Medicine, Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, and Head of the National Poisons Control and Information Service, Philippine General Hospital. Diplomate, American Board of Pediatrics; and Fellow of the Philippine Pediatric Society and the Philippine Society of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. Vice-Chairman, National Drug Committee, Department of Health. Previous posts in 37 committees and advisory panels in the fields of research, pharmacology, drug dependence, toxicology and medical curricula of national and international organizations, including: Chairman, Department of Pharmacology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine (1975-1983); member of the Advisory Committee on Medical Research, Western Pacific Region, World Health Organization (WHO) (1981-1984); and member of the Advisory Panel on Drug Dependence and Alcohol Problems, WHO, Geneva. Author of 52 works, including books, articles published in journals and proceedings of international workshops and monographs in the fields of pharmacology, toxicology, paediatrics. Researcher in the fields of teratology, developmental pharmacology, medicinal plants, and occupational and clinical toxicology. Recipient of 13 honours and awards (since 1974), including the following: Lingkod Bayan Award, presented by President Corazon Aquino and the Civil Service Commission (1988); Life Achievement Award in Medical Research, National Research Council of the Philippines (1992); Most Outstanding Researcher (1993) and Most Outstanding Teacher (Basic Science, 1996); University of the Philippines, Manila (1993); Outstanding Individual in the Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse, Dangerous Drugs Board (1994); and the Tuklas Award (1996) and Most Outstanding Award in Medical Research (1998), Philippine Council for Health Research and Development, Department of Science and Technology. Participant in 46 international meetings (1964-1997) in the fields of toxicology, drug dependence, medicinal plant research and pharmacology. Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1997). Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1998). Jacques Franquet Prefect for Security and Defense for Northern France. Master of Law and recipient of diplomas in criminology and in languages and civilization of the southern Slav world-- Croatian. Head of the Economic and Financial Section, Head of the Criminal Section, Regional Judicial Police Service, Lyon (1969-1981). Head of the Regional Judicial Police Service, Ajaccio, Corsica (1981-1983). Head of the National Central Office for Illicit Drug Traffic Control (1983-1989). Head of the Anti-Terrorist Coordination Unit, reporting to the General Director of the National Police (1988-1989). Director, Police International Technical Cooperation Service (1990-1992). Central Director of the Judicial Police and Head of the National Central Bureau, Interpol France (1993-1994). General Inspector of the National Police, reporting to the General Director of the National Police; and UNDCP external consultant (1995-1996). Recipient of the Officer of the Legion of Honour and the National Order of Merit, the Commander of the Luxembourg Order of Merit, the Officer of Spain Order of Merit for Police and seven other honours. Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (1997). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1997). Member of the Committee on Finance and Administration of the Board (1998). Hamid Ghodse Professor of Psychiatry, University of London. Consultant, Public Health Medicine, Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth Health Authority. Director, Regional Drug Dependence Treatment, Training and Research Unit, and Director, Addiction Resource Agency for Commissioners, South Thames Region, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. President, European Collaborating Centres for Addiction Studies. Chairman, Departments of Addictive Behaviour and of Psychological Medicine; Member of the Academic Board, Quality Assurance Committee, Equal Opportunity Committee, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London. Convener, Association of Professors of Psychiatry in the British Isles; Member of the Executive Committee of the Federation of Clinical Professors, United Kingdom. Chairman, Higher Degrees in Psychiatry, University of London. Adviser, Joint Formulary Committee, British National Formulary. Member, WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Drug Dependence and Alcohol. Member of the Executive Committee, Substance Misuse Faculty and Court of Electors, Royal College of Psychiatrists. Member of the Executive Board, Medical Council on Alcoholism, United Kingdom. Editor, International Journal of Social Psychiatry and Substance Misuse Bulletin. Member of the Editorial Advisory Board, Addiction. Author of books and over 200 scientific papers on drug-related issues and addictions. Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, United Kingdom. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and the Faculty of Public Health Medicine, United Kingdom. Chairman, Association of European Professors of Psychiatry; member of the International Association of Epidemiology. Member, Rapporteur and Chairman of various WHO and European Community expert committees, review groups and other working groups on drug and alcohol dependence. Convener of WHO expert groups on medical education (1986), pharmacy education (1987), nurse education (1989) and rational prescribing of psychoactive drugs. M. S. McLeod Visiting Professor, Southern Australia Postgraduate Medical Education Association (1990). Honorary Professor, Beijing Medical University. Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1992). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1992). President of the Board (1993, 1994, 1997 and 1998). Dil Jan Khan Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Laws and Master of Arts in Political Science. Secretary of the States and Frontier Regions Division of the Government of Pakistan (1990-1993), Secretary of the Interior Division of the Government of Pakistan (1990) and Secretary of the Narcotics Control Division (1990 and 1993-1994) of the Government of Pakistan. Commandant, Frontier Constabulary, North-West Frontier Province (1978-1980 and 1982-1983). Inspector General of Police, North-West Frontier Province (1980-1982 and 1983-1986). Additional Secretary, Ministry of Interior of Pakistan (1986-1990). Counsellor (1973-1978) and First Secretary (1972), Embassy of Pakistan, Kabul. Recipient of Sitara-i-Basalat, one of the highest awards for gallantry, awarded by the President of Pakistan (1990). President of the International Club, Kabul. Dean of the Counsellor/Administration Corps, Afghanistan. Member of the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee. President of the Police Service of Pakistan Association (1993-1994). Patron of the non-governmental organization anti-narcotics society (1982-1983). Participant in the seminar on replacement of opium poppy cultivation, held at Bangkok (1978). Head of the delegation of Pakistan to the Executive Committee of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (1990-1993); the workshop of the UNHCR Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee (1991); the UNHCR meeting (1991); the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee, New Delhi (1991); the World Food Programme Authority (1992); and the talks on relief assistance for Afghan refugees, Geneva and Washington, D.C. (1993). Head of the delegation of Pakistan to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (1993 and 1994); the technical consultation between India and Pakistan, held at Vienna under the auspices of UNDCP, on cooperation in drug control activities (1994); and the First Policy-Level Meeting on Technical Cooperation between Pakistan and India (1994). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1995). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (since 1995). First Vice-President of the Board (1998). Mohamed Mansour Former Director of Training Institute Affairs Administration, Director of Operation Administration, Drug Enforcement Administration, Ministry of Interior of Egypt. Teacher of trainees and officers in drug enforcement and criminal investigations, Police Academy, Cairo, and Arab Institute for Police Studies, Saudi Arabia. Recipient of Bachelor's degree in law and police science, training at the Drug Enforcement Administration, Washington, D.C. (1974 and 1978). Recipient of the Honour of El-Gomhoria (1977) and the Honour of El-Estehkak (1984). Participant in various conferences and meetings in the field of drug law enforcement. Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1990) and Rapporteur (1992). First Vice-President of the Board (1995). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1992, 1993, 1997 and 1998). Chairman of the Committee on Finance and Administration of the Board (1998). António Lourenço Martins Graduate in Law, University of Coimbra. Prosecutor (1965-1972); Judge (1972-1976); General Director of Judicial Police (1977-1983); Deputy Attorney-General and member of the Consultative Committee of the Attorney-General's Office (since 1983). Head of the working groups that drew up Portuguese anti-drug legislation (1983 and 1993). Professor of a postgraduate course in computer law at the Law Institute for Communications, University of Coimbra. Author of articles on questions concerning drugs, of a book containing commentaries on the main international and national legislation, entitled "Drug and law", and of articles on informatics and law. Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1995). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1995). Rapporteur (1996). Member of the Committee on Finance and Administration of the Board (1998). Herbert S. Okun Diplomat and educator. Visiting Lecturer on International Law, Yale Law School, United States of America. United States Diplomatic Service (1955-1991). Ambassador to the German Democratic Republic (1980-1983). Ambassador and Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations (1985-1989). Member of the Secretary-General's Group of Experts on the United Nations Structure for Drug Abuse Control (1990). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1992). First Vice-President (1996); Rapporteur (1997); and member of Standing Committee on Estimates (1998). Alfredo Pemjean Medical Doctor (1968). Psychiatrist (1972). Professor of Psychiatry, University of Chile (since 1979). Professor of Psychiatry, School of Psychology, Universidad Católica de Chile (since 1983). Head of Psychiatry Clinical Service, Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau. Head of the Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Campus South, University of Chile (1976-1979 and 1985-1988). Professor in the Magister Program entitled "Public Health, Mention in Mental Health", School of Public Health, University of Chile (1993-1996). Head of the Mental Health Unit, Ministry of Health (1990-1996). President of Sociedad Iberoamericana para el Estudio del Alcohol y las Drogas (1986-1990). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1995), and Second Vice-President (1998). Member (since 1996), Vice-Chairman (1997) and Chairman (1998) of the Standing Committee on Estimates. Oskar Schroeder Lawyer and administrator. Doctor of law. Public Prosecutor (1957). Director-General, Inland Revenue and Tax Auditing Unit in the Financial Administration of North Rhine-Westphalia (1957-1964). Ministry for Youth, Family Affairs, Women and Health of the Federal Republic of Germany (1965-1989): Personal Secretary to the State Secretary and Head, Budget Division and several Divisions of Health Legislation (1965-1973); Head, Division for Legislation on Narcotic Drugs (1973-1982); and Director-General for Family Affairs and Social Welfare (1982-1989). Head of the delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (1973-1982) and Chairman of the Commission (1980). Chairman of the Commission for Social Development (1989). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1990). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates and Chairman of the Budget Committee (1990). President of the Board (1991, 1992, 1995 and 1996). Rapporteur of the Board and member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1998). Elba Torres Graterol Lawyer. Central University of Venezuela (1959). Adviser on drug-related matters, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela (1985-1994). Director for Social Protection, Office of the Attorney-General of the Republic (1971-1981); representative of the Department of Public Prosecution to the Drug Abuse Control Commission (1971-1981); member of the commission to prepare a preliminary draft law on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (1974-1984); and Adviser, Department of Crime Prevention, Ministry of Justice (1982-1983). Member of the Venezuelan delegation to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (1985-1993). Participant in the intergovernmental expert group meetings to consider the draft convention against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (1986-1988); the United Nations Conference for the Adoption of a Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988); meetings of the group of experts designated by the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission of the Organization of American States to draft model regulations on the laundering of assets derived from illicit drug trafficking (1990-1992); and the first meeting on the implementation of articles 5 and 7 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 (1993). Head of the Venezuelan delegation at the meeting convened at Panama City by the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission to analyse the problem of money-laundering regulations (1993). Member of the International Narcotics Control Board (since 1995). Member of the Standing Committee on Estimates (1995 and 1996). First Vice-President of the Board (1997). THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD The International Narcotics Control Board is an independent and quasi-judicial control organ, established by treaty, for the implementation of the international drug control treaties. It had predecessors under the former drug control treaties as far back as the time of the League of Nations. The responsibility of the Board is to monitor and promote compliance by Governments with the provisions of the international drug control treaties and to assist them in their efforts to fulfil their obligations under those treaties. The functions of the Board are laid down in the following treaties: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as amended by the 1972 Protocol; the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971; and the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. Broadly speaking, the Board deals with the following: (a) As regards the licit manufacture of, trade in and use of drugs, the Board endeavours, in cooperation with Governments, to ensure that adequate supplies of drugs are available for medical and scientific uses and that the diversion of drugs from licit sources to illicit channels does not occur. The Board also monitors Governments' control over chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of drugs and assists them in preventing the diversion of those chemicals into the illicit traffic; (b) As regards the illicit manufacture, trafficking and use of drugs, the Board identifies weaknesses in national and international control systems and contributes to correcting such situations. The Board is also responsible for assessing chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of drugs, in order to determine whether they should be placed under international control. In the discharge of its responsibilities, the Board: (a) Administers a system of estimates for narcotic drugs and a voluntary assessment system for psychotropic substances and monitors licit activities involving drugs through a statistical returns system, with a view to assisting Governments in achieving, inter alia, a balance between supply and demand; (b) Monitors and promotes measures taken by Governments to prevent the diversion of substances frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and assesses such substances to determine whether there is a need for changes in the scope of control of Tables I and II of the 1988 Convention; (c) Analyses information provided by Governments, United Nations bodies, specialized agencies or other competent international organizations, with a view to ensuring that the provisions of the international drug control treaties are adequately carried out by Governments, and recommends remedial measures; (d) Maintains a permanent dialogue with Governments to assist them in complying with their obligations under the international drug control treaties and, to that end, recommends, where appropriate, technical or financial assistance to be provided. The Board is called upon to ask for explanations in the event of apparent violations of the treaties, to propose appropriate remedial measures to Governments that are not fully applying the provisions of the treaties or are encountering difficulties in applying them and, where necessary, to assist Governments in overcoming such difficulties. If, however, the Board notes that the measures necessary to remedy a serious situation have not been taken, it may call the matter to the attention of the parties concerned, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Economic and Social Council. As a last resort, the treaties empower the Board to recommend to parties that they stop importing drugs from a defaulting country, exporting drugs to it or both. In all cases the Board acts in close cooperation with Governments. The Board meets at least twice a year. Each year, it issues a report on its work, supplemented by technical reports on narcotic drugs, on psychotropic substances and on precursors and other chemicals frequently used in the illicit manufacture of drugs.
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